Cape Republic

-regained following War of the French Revolution (1792-1804)

-plan of reform to govern colony under program of enlightened despotism

-to make colony profitable beyond just being a stopgap

-and to civilize its boers who he regards as no less as savage as

-tussle with Governor Janssens who was more amenable to planter interests

-secures his dismissal

-centralization increases flow of Boers across Gariep river

-established many educational institutions, incl day and boarding school in kaapstad which eventually became a uni

-brings in miners from all over Europe to mine its supplies

-lays out mines all over the place

-sent clergy from Batavian Republic to cape colony, to make it adhere to dutch values

-established new taxes to finance indigent Dutch women emigration to cape

-rolls back slave trading in short intervals

-colonial charter of 1807 declares freedom of the womb from 1810 onwards

-typically voided by backdating births

-but in big cities sees more following and results in large freedmen class

-in 1812 forcibly disarms settlers near xhosa areas after neverending war

-after having successfully conquered the Zuurveld, and to end further war

-also opens up trade with

-rebellion kicked off with cultural supremacism, and frontier and slave policies

-is a brutal rebellion

-ends up with defeated rebels planning and executing trek across gariep (fmr orange) river

-but with opposition power crushed

-however these Boers intensify in number

-robben island continues to serve as prison site for east indies prisoners

-including, most famously, Diponegoro

-new immigrants brought in, including many Roman Catholics, as settlers

-with a great many villages laid out across the country on all settle-able rivers

-labor shortage comes to an end and slave system faces issue of laborers who compete with them

-also this results in new Boer pushes outwards

-leaves in 1819, considers himself a success

-with French Wars > Second French War (1821-32) the British invade

-army in area resists

-with it being famously multiracial in its makeup and remembered as such

-but ultimately defeated

-promoted the migration of dutch men without women

-to promote intermarriage with khoisan women to create a superior race

-creating bruin culture in west

-promoted settlement of dutch soldiers, without arms

-declared universal emancipation, immediate in nature, in 1837

-with this, Transgariep region declared its independence as old-style republic

-swiftly invaded by batavian forces who view this as an Orangist remnant state

-subsequently new treks launched into transvaal region

-where they establish the transvaal republic over Heads of the Zulu Empire > 1839-1893 Umtonga ka Mpande through firearm advantage

-not wanting to go into forever wars, they accept this

-established council of citizens in districts, liberal franchise, dominated by landdrosten but enough to express political disivions

-in uitenhage, electoral disputes caused string of catholic-protestant rioting, resulting in secret ballot being imposed

-excuse not to establish further representative institutions

-mass importation of prisoners from east indies, causing mass backlash at use of cape as dumping ground which quickly becomes vast

-turns into desire for representative government to make govt more responsible to people

-in 1858, new colonial charter issued, creating colonial council capable of issuing resolutions binding on executive government

-with broad franchise, justified in the name that it would prevent rebellions and civilize nonwhites

-four factions

-government faction supportive of commissioner general

-cape party in west in defence of liberal institutions

-protestant eastern party, who desired expansion and supported franchise for bruinen because most of them were protestants

-catholic eastern party, supportive of expansion, lily-white religiously equal franchise

-hyper-localized elections in 1858 election, gogel bribes most of the rest into submitting

-nevertheless, end of total commissioner general absolutism

-and much fewer prisoners moved to cape afterwords

-power tussles begin within council, gogel is able to outpace them

-due to east being divided by religion, western cape party is main opposition

1888 def. leaderless (Gubernatorial)

1891 def. Gerrit Stegenga (Gubernatorial)

-3 Commissioners, elected by Council

-for terms of three years

-leader of Cape Reform bloc, advocating reform in Colonial Council for decades

-and becomes Interior Commissioner under new charter

-in power, fights against governor, who seeks to dominate commission

-also seeks to protect rights of enfranchised

-to establish a sound coalition for Cape autonomy

1892 def.

1895 def.

1898 def.

-after taking power immediately seeks to establish patronage system to keep control

-on behalf of governor and the Dutch

-results in massive nationalist rallies against the new system

-also this requires the construction of a coalition of sorts among the races

-and this coalition of the races defeats attempts to reduce the electorate

-it's only in 1899 that the Radicals elect enough Commissioners to depose the gubernatorial system

-do-nothing commissioner

-which is deposed by governor after difficult power struggle

1902 def.

1905 def.

1908 def.

1911 def.

1914 def.

-determined to establish a firm Radical domination of the nation

-does this by expanding the franchise more widely

-which grants franchise to a lot more bruin voters who are expected to vote for Radicals

-succeeds and greatly weakens Greater Netherlands as a force in the nation

-seeks to bring envoy system in Xhosa states under specifically Kaapenaar control

-succeeds after portraying it as cost-saving measure to the Dutch

1917 def.

1920 def.

-Radicals faced with a split over leaders' rivalries and this results in the party ultimately splitting

1923 def.

-wins a really weak majority under newly unified Constitutional Union ticket

-eventually collapses after no confidence

1926 def.

1929 def.

-lowers property requirement in 1928, allowing more people to vote

1932 def.

1935 def.

1938 def.

1941 def.

1944 def.

1947 def.

-widely respected as envoy to xhosa states, where he negotiated transfer of coastal municipalities back to them and prevented Republic of Six United South African States (Auralia) from intervening and killing this new order in its crib

-as well as cape representative to intl forum, where he negotiated end of jaffna crisis

-became agent of foreign affairs in 1943, in which he negotiated independence of free republic of goshen

-based on his wide popularity and reputation as a technocrat, elected by radical-liberals as leader, made by colonial council interior commissioner

-governed over increased independence of cape colony, making its flag despite opposition of dutch government and governor guillaume brand

-turned movement towards independence, and in 1948, cape colony becomes republic, after agitation with universal male and female suffrage

-khoikhoi reservations excepted

1948 def.

-faced with land reform movement

-attempted reform (sale of land for discounted prices) fails because prices still too high for farmers, forces them into high loans

-for this, ends up losing in 1952 election

-appears as victory until radical splinter splits off and consolidates with opposition

1952 def.

-governs over policy of ambitious land reform

-after extended effort of bill being talked to death reforms come with partial compensation funded by new elite taxes

1956 def.

1960 def.

-first Jewish leader of the nation